Particle assembly based on double-sided acoustic holography

Abstract

Acoustic holography (AH) has emerged as a powerful technique for non-invasive and contactless manipulation of microscopic objects, enabling precise spatial organization in bioassembly and tissue modeling. Compared with a single lens for only phase modulation, using two lenses provides phase and amplitude modulation in acoustic field control, resulting in higher quality holographic images. However, dual-lens configurations suffer from acoustic refraction effects and therefore require precise positional calibration during experiments. Here, we present an improved holographic acoustic tweezer (HAT) system that integrates two holographic lenses into a single double-sided acoustic lens by introducing an impedance-matched buffer layer between them. This configuration eliminates refraction-induced alignment errors while enabling effective microparticle assembly through precise control of the acoustic field. Our method provides a solid foundational platform for sustained in vitro manipulation of cells, with potential applications in modeling disease mechanisms, evaluating therapeutic responses, advancing regenerative medicine, and organ modeling.